Cataracts develop when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, leading to blurred vision and reduced vision.
While age-related cataracts are the most common, UV radiation, lifestyle choices, and genetics can contribute to cataract development at a younger age.
Cataracts may also be related to metabolic and nutritional abnormalities, drugs, trauma, radiation exposure and inflammation.
Of those people that develop cataracts, the average age for cataract surgery in Australia is 76 and surgery in the second eye frequently follows soon after the first.
Risk Factors
A broad range of factors has been linked to the development of cataracts.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Age – the risk of developing cataracts strongly increases with age.
Sex – women have a higher risk of developing cataracts then men.
Ethnicity – African-American and Caribbean people experience higher rates of cortical cataracts than Caucasian people. Aboriginal Australians are three times more likely to experience vision loss due to cataracts.
DIABETES
This disease accelerates the formation and progression of age-related cataracts and also results in the development of cataracts in younger people.
OTHER CONDITIONS
People with gout for greater than 10 years are at greater risk of developing cortical cataracts.
Individuals affected by Wilson’s disease may develop cataracts earlier.
Low calcium may predispose a person to developing cataracts.
UV EXPOSURE
There is an increased risk seen in areas close to the equator where UV exposure, particularly UV-B radiation is highest.
MEDICATIONS
Several medications are linked to the development of cataracts. In particular, steroids predispose a person to developing cataracts. Children are particularly sensitive to the effect of steroids.
TRAUMA
Trauma is a common factor for cataract development in younger people. The type of trauma includes both penetrating injuries and blunt eye trauma.
Electric shocks from high voltage wires and infrared radiation in the glassblowing occupation are also associated with cataract development.
ALCOHOL AND SMOKING
Smoking is associated with cataracts, by increasing the risk of developing opacities and the progression of cataracts once they have occurred. The risk lowers once a person stops smoking.
High levels of alcohol consumption also contribute to the development of cataracts.
Prevention
SHIELD YOUR EYES FROM UV RADIATION
Wear sunglasses that block UVA and UVB rays. Look for sunglasses labeled with the Australian/New Zealand Standard for eye protection (AS/NZS 1067:2016).
Choose sunglasses with a wraparound style or large frames to provide maximum coverage and protect the delicate skin around your eyes.
Wear wide-brimmed hats to provide additional shade and minimize direct sunlight exposure.
EMBRACE A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
A balanced and healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce the risk of cataract development.
Have a diet rich in antioxidants, with plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Foods like leafy greens, citrus fruits, berries, and fish are beneficial for eye health.
Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption.
PROTECT YOUR EYES AT WORK AND PLAY
Wear protective eyewear when playing sport, recreational activities, or at work when you are exposed to dust, chemicals, or flying objects. Safety goggles or glasses with impact-resistant lenses should be worn.
HAVE REGULAR EYE CHECKS
Regular visits with your optometrist are essential for maintaining good eye health and detecting any early signs of cataract development.
